Suffering From Severe Anterograde Amnesia - 1581 Words

Recollecting some of life’s experiences can be done very accurately at times where we can depict details even after a long period of time. For patient H.M. this is the exact case. Patient H.M. suffered from severe anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia patients quite often show normal memory for events that have occurred prior to the incident. Therefore, making it extremely difficult to recall or store information after the incident has occurred. H.M. had been knocked down by a bicycle at the age of 7, began to have minor seizures at the age of 10, and had major seizures after the age of 16. Patient H.M. had brain surgery in the early 1950’s around the time he had been 27 years old. The surgery had been done to alleviate severe symptoms†¦show more content†¦Two months later, he had no awareness of his father’s death just yet. Eventually, H.M. had a chance to work under protected employment in a state rehab center. After six-months of daily exposure to his job, H.M. is still incapable of describing a job he’s done. Although not being able to describe his job, H.M. had the capability to accurately draw a bungalow he’s been living in for the past eight years. Testing H.M.’s Memory It is apparent that patient H.M.’s memory has not been affected by any general intellectual loss. H.M has severe anterograde amnesia, but surprisingly has spared implicit memory. Implicit memory is a type of memory in which past experiences aid the presentation of a task without mindful awareness of the experiences. There have been many tests conducted on the patient to test this spared memory. Mirror Tracing Task One of the experiments performed on patient H.M. is the star tracing test. Brenda Milner, a neuropsychologist, had H.M. trace a star between two parallel lines, where he could only see his drawing hand in a mirror. With every practice his performance improved (Figure 1), though he always denied having ever done the task before. This experiment led Dr. Milner to believe that there is a distinction between procedural memory and declarative memory, suggesting that the two are stored in dissimilar places. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Is used to determine H.M.’s competence in abstract reasoning, and the ability to change problem

Entamoeba histolytica Free Essays

E. olytica is a pathogenic amoeba. There are trophozoit cyst stages in its life cycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Entamoeba histolytica or any similar topic only for you Order Now Only the mature cyst (with 4 nucl infective. Men get infection by mouth. The amoebae inhabit the colon. They multiply by binary fission. The cysts passout with The life cycle of E. histolytica is cyst–trophozoite–cyst. The trophozoites may invade the intestinal wall or even liver and lung tissues by blood dissemination and induce pathological changes. I. Morphology. There are 4 distinct stages in its life cycle; trophozoite, precyst, cyst, and metacyst, but only the morphology of trophozoite and cyst possess morphologic characteristics that have diagnostic value. A. ophoite – active form. a. ize trophozoites vary in size from -60 micrometers in diameterb. Movement is by means of a pseudopodium, which is a cytoplasmic protrusion. The characteristics of pseudopodia of Entamoeba histolytica are: (1) broad or finger-like in form (2) thrust out quickly (3) pseudopodium first formed with hyaline ectoplasm, then the granular endoplasm flows slowly into pseudopodium when amoeba move (so called amoeba movement). 4) motility is progressive and directional c. Red blood cells may be found in the endoplasm. d. Nucleus, vesicular type: The nucleus is not visible in anunstained specimen, but when stained with hematoxylin, the nuclear structure will be clear. (1) Nuclear membrane is a delicate but distinct line. (2) Peripheral chromatin granules are fine and uniformally arranged on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. (3) Karyosome is small and centrally located. The characteristics of the nucleus of E. istolytica are useful in differentiation of the pathogenic amoeba from the other non-pathogenic species. B. Cyst-Non-Motile (has no movement) Before encysting, trophozoites round up, cease ingesting food, and secrete a cyst wall, thus becoming a precyst, and then an immature and mature cyst. a. Immature cyst – spherical in shape, 10-20 Nm in size, and consists of 1-2 nucleus or nuclei. b. Mature cysts: 4 nucle. The characteristics of the cyst nucleus are similar to that of the trophozoite. Besides nuclei, there are two other inclusions: the glycogen vacuole and the chromatoid bodies (bars). Both the glycogen and chromatoid bars become smaller and smaller as the cyst ages, so sometimes they cannot be seen in the mature cysts. The glycogen acts as a food reservoir,but the function of the chromatoid bar is not known. When the cyst is stained with iodine, the glycogen appears brown or dark yellow brown in color, but the chromatoid bar can not be stained and has a refractory appearance. In iron-hematoxylin stained specimens, the chromatoid bar is rod shaped with two rounded ends and dark blue in color. he glycogen vacuole has been dissolved during the process of staining, so it appears as a clear space. II. Life cycle The normal life cycle of E. hystilytica is cyst-trophozoit-cyst III. Diagnosis (1) trophozoite (living): fecal examination (direct smear with normal saline) for the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery. One must pay attention to: a. The container must be clean and free of acid or alkaline. b. Trophozoites should be examined soon after they have been passed c. Keep specimen warm in order to keep the trophozoite’s activity. d. Select the bloody and mucous portion for examination. e. If Charcot-leyden crystals are present, the stool must be carefully examinedfor the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica ( charcot-leyden crystals may be derived from eosinophiles). (2) Cyst: fecal examination (direct smear with iodine stain) for the chronic intestinal amoe biasis or carriers. Immature and mature cysts of E. histolytica may be found in the formed stool. How to cite Entamoeba histolytica, Papers

Dorothea Dix Essay Research Paper Dorothea DixBorn free essay sample

Dorothea Dix Essay, Research Paper Dorothea Dix Born in 1802, Dorothea Dix played an of import function in altering the ways people thought about patients who were mentally-ill and handicapped, originally cast-off as? being punished by God, ? every bit good as the manner installations handled and treated them. She believed that that people of such standing would make better by being treated with love and caring instead than being put aside. As a societal reformist, altruist, instructor, author, author, nurse, and human-centered, Dorothea Dix devoted devoted her life to the public assistance of the mentally-ill and handicapped. She accomplished many mileposts throughout her life, which changed the manner patients are cared for, even today. She was a innovator in her clip, taking on challenges that no other adult females would make bold dream of undertaking. Born in Maine, of April, 1802, Dorothea Dix was brought up in a filthy, and poverty-ridden family ( Thinkquest, 2 ) . Her male parent came from a comfortable Massachusetts household and was sent to Harvard. While at that place, he dropped out of school, and married a adult female twenty old ages his senior ( Thinkquest, 1 ) . Populating with two younger brothers, Dix dreamed of being sent off to populate with her grandparents in Massachusetts. Her dream came true. After having a missive from her grandma, bespeaking that she come and populate with her, she was sent off at the age of 12 ( Thinkquest, 4 ) . She lived with her grandma and gramps for two old ages, until her grandma realized that she wasn? T physically and mentally able to manage a miss at such a immature age. She so moved to Worcester, Massachusetts to populate with her aunt and her cousin ( Thinkquest, 5 ) . The idea of her brothers still being in her former place environment in Maine hurt her. She tried to believe of a manner to acquire at least one of her brothers, the sallow one, to come and be with her. She knew that her drawn-out household was financially able to take in another kid, and if she showed duty, there would be no job ( Wilson, 40 ) . She found a vacant shop, furnished it, and turned it into a school for kids ( Thinkquest, 5 ) . At the age of 17, her grandma sent her a correspondence, and requested her to come back to Boston with her brother ( Thinkquest, 6 ) . When she returned to Boston, she asked her grandma if she could get down another school in her grandma? s dining room. After a spot of resistance, her grandma agreed ( Compton? s, 1 ) . There, she taught until 1835, when unwellness from Tuberculosis and exhaustion set in. After she was ailment, she closed the school ( Compton? s, 2 ) . She so traveled to Europe to recover, under the advice of friends and household ( Thinkquest, 7 ) . After returning to Boston, months subsequently, she found herself with a really big heritage that would let her to love comfortably for the remainder of her life ( Reader? s Companion to American History, 1 ) . After recognizing that she was non the type to sit back and make nil, she accepted an invitation to learn at a Sunday school at the East Cambridge Jail in East Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1941 ( www.mfh.org,1 ) . That? s when her quest began. She was shocked when she saw that mentally sick patients were being put into the gaols, and even more aghast at the conditions they were put in. She foremost appealed to the local tribunals. Although the charges were denied, the conditions were mildly improved ( www.mfh.org, 2 ) . Not satisfied with the result of the local tribunals, she traveled the province of Massachusetts for two old ages, documenting the conditions she found ( McHenry, 1 ) . She, with the aid of a member of the Massachusetts State Legislature, Samual Gridley Howe, presented her studies from her visits to the gaols, work houses, and infirmaries in January of 1843 ( Thinkquest, 10 ) . Her studies consisted of narratives such as this, the relation of a Salem County? s hapless house keeper of his brush with a patient on twenty-four hours: ? I knew I must get the hang him now or neer: I caught a stick of wood # 8230 ; and laid upon him until he cried for quarters ; I beat him long plenty until he knew I was his maestro, and now he is excessively much afraid of a walloping to assail me ; but you had better base off, Ma? am, for he won? t fright you. ? ( Wilson, 1 ) . At foremost, the Massachusetts Legislature ignored her petitions for better conditions and support ( www.everything60s.com, 1 ) . Some of the assemblymen thought that it was excessively expensive ( Mappen, 2 ) . One of the assemblymen said that the proposed refuge was, ? excessively excessive an Egyptian Coliseum, ? ( Mappen, 3 ) . Despite financially-based statements with the Legislature, she was at a loss because of the fact that she was a adult female ( Thinkquest, 9 ) . Peoples were besides at the belief that the mentally insane were being punished by God, and that they deserved the intervention they were having ( Thinkquest, 11 ) . Finally, a member of the Legislation went to personally analyze the conditions at a selected infirmary, and reported the conditions as even worse than what Dorothea Dix described them ( www.angelfire.com ) . As a consequence, the Legi slature passed a measure, dividing the mentally sick from the felons, and giving them better conditions ( www.angelfire.com, 2 ) . $ 200,000 was besides authorized for the hard-on of a new installation in East Cambridge ( www.Angelfire.com, 3 ) . After suppressing Massachusetts, she traveled over 3,000 stat mis in three old ages of non-stop travelling, sing and documenting assorted conditions and pleading with the province authoritiess to break the constitutions ( www.mfh.com, 1 ) . While on circuit of gaols, poorhouses, and work houses, she saw weaponries and legs pinioned, organic structures cut by whip-lashes, and cervixs bowed by fedders ( www.angelfire.com, 1 ) . Throughout the old ages of 1845-1852, her work inspired the creative activity of a school for the blind ( The Reader? s Companion to American History, 3 ) and the persuasion of nine southern provinces to put up public infirmaries for the insane ( www.everything60s.com, 2 ) . Dix told the province Legislature of North Carolina: ? I am the hope of the hapless deranged existences who pine in cells and stables and coops and waste-rooms # 8230 ; of 100s of bawling, enduring animals hidden in your private homes and in pens and in cabins, ? ( www.angelfire.com, 4 ) . Finally tired of state-by-state runs, she worked on Federal reform ( The Reader? s Companion to American History, 4 ) . In 1948, she appealed to the Federal Government for 10 million estates for the usage by the insane, deaf and dumb. The measure was passed in February of 1851 by the Senate. Congress so adjourned, so they voted on it once more and it passed. Unfortunately, it was vetoed by President Pierce ( Thinkquest, 13 ) . Dorothea Dix started volunteering as a nurse for the Union ground forces after the onslaught on Fort Sumter and was placed in charge of all adult females nurses working in ground forces infirmaries ( www.civilwarhome.com, 3 ) . At the clip of the Civil War, Dorothea had spent more than twenty old ages caring for the mentally sick ( www.civilwarhome.com, 2 ) . She finally became the Union Superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War ( www.civilwarhome.com, 1 ) . She tribunal marshaled every physician she found rummy or disorderly ( Thinkquest, 14 ) . And Dix merely accepted nursing appliers between the ages of 30 and 50 who were plain-looking, didn? t wear basketballs or jewellery, and wore apparent black or brown skirts ( www.civilwarhome.com, 4 ) . She was known as? Dragon Dix, ? because of her changeless clangs with military bureaucratism and on occasion disregarding administrative item ( www.civilwarhome.com, 5 ) . A sum of over 3,000 adult females nurses served in the Uni on ground forces ( www.civilwarhome.com, 6 ) . In 1843, there were 13 mental infirmaries in the state ; by 1880, there were 123. Dix played a direct function in raising thirty-two of them and bettering 100s of other infirmaries ( www.mfh.org, 5 ) . Just before her decease, Dorothea Dix, besides known as? The Voice of the Mad, ? wrote to friend and poet, John Greenleaf Whittier: ? I have a impression to see a fountain for animate beings set up in Boston on Milk Street, where I have frequently seen the tired bill of exchange Equus caballuss drawing heavy tonss to the dock and holding no topographic point to imbibe, ? ( www.angelfire.com, 5 ) . The fountain was created after her decease in 1887, at the age of 85. In response to her fountain, Whittier had a verse form engraved at the fountain: ? Stranger and Traveler! Drink freely and confer A kindly thought on her Who bade this fountain flow ; Yet hath for it no claim Save as the curate Of blessing in God? s name. ? ( Wilson, Pg.330 ) . Dorothea Dix spent her last old ages in the guest quarters of a province infirmary she had helped found 35 old ages earlier in New Jersey. A good friend of hers, Dr. Nichols, besides wrote, to Mr. Daniel Hake Tuke, after Dorothea? s Death: ? Thus had died and been laid to rest in the most quiet, unpretentious manner the most utile and distinguished adult female America had yet produced, ? ( Wilson, Pg. 342 ) . This statement is besides considered her epitaph ( Thinkquest, 16 ) . Bibliography 1. Dorothea Dix: 2. Dorothea Dix: Biography 3. Mappen, Mare ; Dorothea Dix A ; the State? s First Lunatic Asylum 4. National Women? s Hall of Fame: The Women of the Hall: Dorothea Dix 5. Naythons, Matthew, M.D. ; The Face of Mercy: A Photographic History of Medicine at War? U.S. News A ; World Report, 10-11-93, pp.72-79 6. The Reader? s Guide to American History: Dorothea Dix Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991 7. McHenry, Robert: Dorothea Dix: Her Heritage: A Biographical Encyclopedia of Celebrated American Women Pilgrim New Media, Inc. , 1995, 1.00 Ed. 8. Compton? s Encyclopedia: Dorothea Dix 9. Three Inspiring Womans: Dorothea Dix 10. The Asylum Warden: Dorothea Dix 11. Dorothea Lynde Dix 12. Wilson, Dorothy Clarke: Stranger and Traveler Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1975 31f

Slaughter House Audit Essay Example

Slaughter House Audit Essay  © Kamla-Raj 2009 J Soc Sci, 19(2): 121-127 (2009) The Impact of Abattoir Activities and Management in Residential Neighbourhoods: A Case Study of Ogbomoso, Nigeria Y. O. Bello and D. T. A. Oyedemi Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria KEYWORDS Abattoir. Abattoir Activities. Pollution. Ogbomoso. Local Built Environment ABSTRACT Abattoir is one of the facilities available in most towns and cities, as the killing of animals to supply meat for human consumption in them is a common practice in Nigeria. The danger posed on the local built environment and health of residents by those abattoirs located in residential neighborhoods as a result of pollution from their management is of great concern. The study therefore investigates the direct and indirect effects of management of abattoirs on the quality of local built environment and the health of residents in their vicinity using Ogbomoso as a case study. Water samples from selected wells in the study area were collected for analysis to investigate the effect on the water quality. Also, residents of buildings located approximately 100meters radius to the abattoir were randomly selected for interview using relevant indicators to investigate effects on their health. The result was analyzed using frequency count, chi-square and correlation test. The study indicated pollution of wells and air quality of the local built environment in the vicinity of the abattoir as well as reduced quality of health of residents in the area, as there were reported cases of elevation of excessive coughing, typhoid fever, diarrhea, and malaria and muscle pains among these residents. We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter House Audit specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter House Audit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter House Audit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The study concluded with appropriate recommendations to address the problem and as well suggested the exclusion of abattoir facility from residential neighbourhood. INTRODUCTION The provision of facilities and services in cities and neighbourhoods is crucial to their sustainability and efficiency. The facilities and services in residential neighbourhood include among others: nursery and primary school, neighbourhood center, shopping center or market, retail shops, health centre, place of worship, police station, bank, petrol tation, children playground, public utilities sites for electricity, transformer, water service reservoir, some service industries, and abattoir. The location and management of these facilities and services in the neighbourhood are very important. One of the objectives of a neighborhood is to provide an environment in which the residents may have an easy walk to shopping centre where they may obtain their daily household goods, and other services and facilities. However, the disadvantage of locating some of these facilities in the neighbourhood outweighs the advantage. Abattoir is one of such facilities. The accessibility Correspondence author: D. T. A. Oyedemi Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria Telephone: 2348034679049 E-mail: [emailprotected] com or [emailprotected] co. uk and nearness of abattoir and meat shops to consumers may present some merits, but the impact of its management on the local built environment and health of residents in abattoir vicinity poses great risk. More concern is being expressed over danger to health of residents who are neighbours to abattoirs, especially in developing countries where level of awareness is low. People are expressing dissatisfaction with the location and ways abattoirs in their neighbourhood are being managed. Today, residents who are neighbours to abattoirs doubt the compatibility of abattoir with residential land use. LITERATURE REVIEW Abattoir, also known as slaughter house is a place where animals are butchered for food. (Collins English Dictionary). Abattoir Acts (1988) defined abattoir as any premises used for or in connection with the slaughter of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption and include a slaughterhouse but does not include a place situated on a farm. Animals include cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and other equine animals. The killing of animals for community consumption is inevitable in most nations of the world and dated back to antiquity. Public abattoir had been traced to Roman civilization and in France by 15th and 16th centuries, public slaughter houses were 22 among the public facilities. In Italy, a law of 1890 required that public abattoir be provided in all communities of more than six thousand inhabitants. Similar things were reported in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands and Rumania (Jode Loverdo et al. 1906). Robert Forster (2005) reported that in United Kingdom, abattoirs or slaughterhouses perform a vital role in purchasing cattle, and sheep from farms and transforming them into carcass me at. He revealed that in 2001, there were about 360 licensed red-meat abattoirs in UK compared with almost 900 in 1990. In Nigeria, nearly every town and neighbourhood is provided with slaughter house or slaughter slab. Edwards et al. (1979) published on slaughter facilities for tropical conditions and observed that abattoir may be situated in urban, rural and nominated industrial site and that each has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the rural site according to him out-weighed those of the other sites and recommended that a rural location be chosen where possible. They recommended that abattoir should be built on firm gently sloping land away from other buildings, residential areas and factories. He further suggested that the site for abattoir should be chosen well away from town boundaries including projected town boundaries. Abattoir management provides a service in slaughtering of animals. Edwards et al. (1979) reported that the slaughter of animals in abattoirs of developing countries was carried out in unsuitable buildings by untrained slaughter men and butchers that were unaware of sanitary principles. Wastes generated by abattoirs are potential environmental quality problems. Raymond (1977) submitted that, problem may be more dependent upon the abattoir activities or operation practices and waste management techniques than the size of the operation, the number of cattle or amount of waste involved. In Nigeria, Sridhar (1998) reported that, a cow brought for slaughtering produces 328. 4Kg of waste in form of dung, bone, blood, horn and hoof. Robert (2005) submitted that the disposal of waste product is a problem that has always dominated the slaughter sector and on average, 45 per cent of each live beef animal, 53 per cent of each sheep, and 34 per cent of each pig consist of non-meat substances. The characteristics of slaughter house waste and effluent vary from day to day depending on the number, types of stock being processed and the method (Tove 1985). Waste generated by abattoirs include solid waste, Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI made up of paunch content, bones, horns, and faecal components, slurry of suspended solids, fat, blood and soluble materials (Sangodoyin et al. 1992). Raymond (1977) however reported that waste can affect water, land or air qualities if proper practices of management are not followed. Animal waste can be valuable for crops but can cause water quality impairment. It also contains organic solids, trace heavy metals, salts, bacteria, viruses, other micro organisms and sediment. The waste from animals can also be washed into streams if not protected and reduces oxygen in water, thereby endangering aquatic life. Raymond (1977) also reported that improper animal waste disposal can lead to animal diseases being transmitted to human through contact with animal faeces. Cooper et al. 1979) reported that abattoir effluent reaching streams contributed significant level of nitrogen, phosphorous and biochemical oxygen demand and other nutrients resulting in stream pollution. George (1987) attributed excessive nitrate problem in New Zealand ground waters to concentrated livestocks and manure usage. Sangodoyin et al. (1992) also reported that the ground water quality in vicinity of the abattoir were adversely affected by seepage of abattoir effluent as well as water quality of re ceiving stream that was located away from the abattoir. The health of the city is linked to the health of the dwellers. The health of the dweller is affected by the environment. In every neighourhood, there is a considerable range of biological and chemical pollutants that cause or contribute to diseases. Some may pose health risk for specific particular group while others for the entire neighourhood. Carolyn et al. (1985) reported that pathogens from cattle waste could be transmitted to humans via water-based recreations. The wells in the meat processing areas sometimes result in been polluted. Wells in vicinity of abattoirs which serves as source of water to the abattoir users was traced by Sangodoyin et al. 1992) to be polluted by effluent from the abattoir and constitute health risk for the butchers and users of the wells. Noise pollution was reported by Oyedemi (2004) to be associated with abattoir activities and location. Wing and Wolf (2000) noted decrease health and quality of life of residents around intensive livestocks operations and hinted that respiratory and mucous membrane effects were common with neighbours of intensive swine operation. Medical experts were reported by Oyedemi (2004) to have associated some THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 23 diseases with abattoir activities which include pneumonia, diarrhea, typhoid fever, asthma, wool sorter diseases, respiratory and chest diseases. E . coli infection source was reported to be undercooked beef which has been contaminated, often in abattoirs, with faeces containing the bacterium. (Encarta 2005). These diseases can spread from the abattoir to the neighourhood via vectors or animals. However, growing population with increase in demand for meat has resulted in increased abattoir related pollution and has attracted intervention in many developed countries. There is high level of awareness on pollution from animal waste (including abattoir) whether in the farm or in the city and over the years several measures have been put in place to protect the public health and the environment (Merington et al. 1984). According to Robert (2005), in 1992, the European Commission introduced a Pan-European fresh-meat directive designed to standardize structural and hygiene regulations for abattoirs in all EU countries. The requirement was said to have a profound impact on slaughter industry structures in the United Kingdom. Similar intervention was recorded in United States of America with the introduction of Abattoir Act (1988) . In the contrary, little intervention or response had been made in the developing nations. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA The study was carried out in Ogbomoso , Oyo State, Nigeria. Ogbomoso is the second largest city in Oyo state after the state capital, Ibadan . Ogbomoso is the administrative headquaters of both Ogbomoso North and South Local Governments. It is situated 57 kilometers SouthWest of Ilorin, the capital of Kwara state, 104 kilometers North of Ibadan and 58 kilometers North –West of Osogbo, the capital of Osun state. The popular Atanda abattoir was chosen for the study with the large expanse of built up area comprising of low, medium and high housing densities. Majority of residents are civil servants and traders. The abattoir harbors meat shops where slaughtered meat is sold. There are two wells within the slaughter area. The abattoir is surrounded at the south with residential developments and in the north by office complex and west and east by school and shops respectively. The abattoir is about 200meters from the main road (Ibadan-Ilorin road). METHODOLOGY Data for this study was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source was through two sets of structured questionnaire. One set was designed for the abattoir users to obtain information on ownership, year of establishment, available facilities in the abattoir, average number of cows killed per day, abattoir staff strength, operation and activities, waste disposal methods employed, and other abattoir management issues. The other set was designed for the residents to address the resident’s characteristics: age, sex, household size, marital status, effect of the abattoir on their environmental conditions, water quality especially for residents with well as source of water supply. Few questions were asked on their health history and life style, for example, do you smoke? A positive answer may interfere with findings on effect of abattoir on residents’ health. The second section of the questionnaire listed several symptoms that may be associated with abattoir or possibly related to air borne emission from abattoir activities or pollutants. Symptoms that are not related were also included as a check. Respondents were requested to report frequency of symptoms, whether very often, often, occasionally or never. In the residential area around the abattoir, residents in buildings approximately 100meters from the abattoir were randomly selected for questionnaire administration. In all, 95 residents were randomly selected. The secondary source was through relevant past studies, magazines and journals. The information collected was analyzed based on frequency, chi-square and correlation statistics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The investigation carried out revealed that the abattoir had been in operation for more than thirty years. The slaughter slab provided in the abattoir is covered to provide shield from elements of weather. It is not fenced. On scale of operation, average numbers of fifteen cows are slaughtered daily in the abattoir. The cows are usually brought from the cattle ranch or cattle market which is located about one kilometer away from the abattoir. The movement of the cows through the neighborhood street from the cattle ranch to the abattoir is among the nuisance reported by residents that the abattoir location in their neighborhood constituted. There is usually traffic 124 hold-up along the abattoir street every morning when cows are being taken to abattoir for slaughter from the cattle ranchmarket. The method of killing of cattle in the abattoir is the traditional method of slaughtering at the slaughter slab after inspection by the health officers. Deep wells are the source of water supply for the abattoir. Carcasses are cut up and sold to prospective buyers in the abutting meat shops. Waste generated in the abattoir include: bones, blood and dung. There is no special waste disposal system or treatment. Dung is piled up and waste water containing blood and dung are discharged into a nearby stream without treatment. This resulted into pollution of surface and underground water especially of the abattoir and residents in the abattoir vicinity. Bones and hooves collected in the abattoir were burnt at the abattoir site causing smoke and air pollution. From the result of the survey on characteristics of the respondents, (Table 1) sixty percent of the respondents were female. Fifty five percent of the respondents are married and seventy two percent are tenants while forty five percent of the respondents have lived more than five years in the neighborhood. Fifty three percent of the respondents are employed outside of the home but eighty three percent spent average of ten hours daily at home. On the household size of the respondents, forty seven percent falls within 3-4 household size. Ninety eighty percent of the respondents were fully aware of the abattoir’s closeness to their residents. However, ninety nine percent reported that they met the abattoir in the area when they moved in to their present houses. Eighty two percent of the respondents do not smoke. The source of drinking water for the majority is deep well; sixty eight percent of the respondents depend on well water. Ninety four percent of the respondents revealed that the abattoir in their area constitutes a nuisance to them and fifty eighty percent reported contamination of their wells with abattoir effluent. Bad odour from the abattoir was reported to constitute air quality impairment by thirteen percent of the respondents. Ninety eight percent of the respondents reported that the bad odour limits children outdoor recreation, affects breathing, causes respiratory ailment and prevents opening of windows especially in abattoir direction. Ninety four percent also reported the incidence of flies and insects in high number due to the abattoir location. The microbial test carried out on samples of water collected from the abattoir Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI and resident’s wells indicated pollution of water quality. Result revealed the contamination of water by waste from the abattoir with a total of sixty six organisms belonging to seven different genera of public health importance isolated from the samples. The presence of these organisms in the wells that serve as a source of domestic water supply to the neighbourhood is a significant health risk. Residents whose source of water is well also confirmed notice of contamination of their wells with abattoir effluent. The effect of abattoir pollutants on air quality was easily perceived and reported by respondents. Over seven three percent reported disturbance of bad odour from the abattoir. They reported that it limited children outdoor recreation. Another effect reported was the contamination of food items of residents in abattoir vicinity by flies and insects; flies and mosquitoes were in abnormal rate. These insects and flies were reported to be attracted to the area by abattoir waste. Other limitations imposed on residents in abattoir vicinity by abattoir nuisance are noise pollution from the abattoir, inability to open windows in the direction of the abattoir and prevention of normal breathing. Forty three percent reported interference of odour with their breathing. Fifty eight percent were willing to relocate from the area because of the negative effects of the abattoir On effect of abattoir activities on health of respondents, studies cited previously have reported elevation of some symptoms among residents of intensive livestock operations (Wing and Wolf 2000). In this study, headache, excessive coughing, shortness of breath, heart burn, diarrhea dysentery, general body weakness, fever and typhoid fever were reported to be elevated generally among residents in abattoir vicinity (SPSS output). Results indicated the symptoms experienced at least often by residents in abattoir vicinity to include excessive coughing, typhoid fever, shortness of breath, diarrhea, fever and muscle pain. The test of significance of these prevalent symptoms (statistical method-SPSS output) indicated possible association with battoir activities. However, biases are issues in any survey. It is possible for respondents to have reported occurrence of more symptoms because of their personal feelings about the negative impact of the abattoir operation in their area. However, this was observed to be limited or not to have been done as some symptoms not related to abattoir activities included in the questions to check this excess indicated lowest occurrence. THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 125 Cholera, asthma and pneumonia were expected to be among physical health symptoms to be elevated among respondents in abattoir vicinity, as they are associated with abattoir activities. However the case was otherwise in the study. Results however showed that pollutants from abattoir activities have direct and indirect effects on human and the local built environment, especially those in close proximity to abattoir. However, weather condition at the time surveys were being carried out could have influenced findings. Some respondents reported that the negative effects are more severe during dry season than presently. Study was not able to evaluate levels of impact on residents within the same area but at different distance to abattoir. There is possibility of different level of effect because of differences in distance, building orientation or elevations, direction, physical barrier and amount of time spent at home. Study was also not able to evaluate health impact on specific population group. Such groups include children, aged, and asthmatic patients. There may be possibility of different group being affected differently by abattoir activities. These are possible areas of future inquiry. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study revealed that abattoir activities and management have direct and indirect effects on the built-up environment and health of people especially residents in abattoir vicinity. The study indicated negative impact of abattoir activities on air and water qualities of residents within abattoir vicinity especially abattoir where special or effective waste disposal system is not practiced. The health quality of residents living in abattoir vicinity was revealed to be reduced due to effect of pollutants from abattoir activities located in their neighbourhood. It was noted that children outdoor recreation in abattoir vicinity was also limited. Therefore, there is need to control abattoir as strictly as industries have been controlled in matter of location and management in Nigeria. Abattoir should be excluded from facilities to be located within residential neighbourhood. It should be included and treated as among industrial land use or agricultural land use. For abattoir planning and construction, regulations controlling the movement and slaughter of live stocks, the availability of service and staff in abattoirs should be made. For large battoir, provision should be made for separate livestock market for sheep, goat and cattle, fresh water pumping station or storage and waste treatment plant. The abattoir management system should include a waste management plan designed for abattoir operation Legislative measures are also necessary. Laws and rules on zoning, land use, and waste regulation to control the location and management of abattoi rs should be made. The government should enforce existing laws related to abattoir and new ones. Design criteria and siting restriction which include setbacks from neighbours and buffer must be specified. Measures to protect against encroachment into buffer by property developers should be provided. Rules requiring odour abatement plans and provision of environmental impact assessment for abattoirs should be enforced. Licensing of abattoir, certification of all operators as well as training of employees involved in abattoir activities should be made. In addition, public awareness and enlightment on possible impact of pollution from abattoir wastes should be embarked upon by relevant agencies and public participation to be included in the development of policies for abattoir management. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge Mr Adewale Adelowo ,department of Pure and Applied Biology, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso for assisting on microbial test on water samples and providing the interpretation and implication REFERENCES Abattoir Acts 1988. Retrieved 2003 from http//www. Irishstatutebook. i. e/1988/en/act/pub/0008/index. html Carolyn CB, Buckhouse JC 1985. Coliforms Are Indicators of Water Quality in Wild land Streams. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 40: 95-97. Cooper RN, Hoodle JR, Russel JM 1979. Characteristics and Treatment of Slaughter House Effluent in New Zealand. Prog Water Technology, 11: 55-68. Edwards E, Hector OA. , Norman GA, Silverside D 1979. Slaughter Facilities for Tropical Conditions: A Guide to the Selection and Costing of Appropriate Systems. London: Tropical Product Institute. Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2005. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Forster Robert 2005. Meat Parking Industry. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard. George RH 1987. Agricult ural Chemicals and Ground 126 Water-Extent and Implications. American Journal of Alt Agric, 2: 3-13. Jode Loverdo, Martel H, Mallet J. 1906. Les Abattoirs Publics, H. Dunod et E. Pinat, Editeurs, Paris. Merrington G, Winder L, Parkinson R, Redman M 1984. Agricultural Pollution: Environmental Problems and Practical Solutions. London. Taylor Francis (Spon Press). Oyedemi DTA 2000. The Impact of Abattoir Location and Management on Surrounding residents in Ibadan, Nigeria. M. Tech. Thesis (unpublished), LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. Raymond C L 1977. Pollution Control for Agriculture. New York: Academic Press Inc. Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI Sangodoyin AY, Agbawhe OM 1992. Environmental Study on Surface and Ground Water Pollutants from Abattoir Effluents. Bioresource Technology, 41:193200. Elsevier Science publishers Ltd. Great Britain. Sridhar MKC 1988. Government/Private Sector Partnership. Effective Tool for Solid Waste Evacuation and Management. In: A Tokun, AA Adegbola (Eds. ): Proceedings of the Workshop on Engineering Development and the Environment. Nigeria: Prost Publishing, pp. 41-50. Tove S 1985. Slaughter House Cleaning and Sanitation. Animal Product and Health. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Paper No 53. New York: UN. THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 127 APPENDIX Table 1: Characteristics of the respondents and their answers to abattoir activities Characteristics Sexmale female Frequency (percentage) 40 60 Characteristics Age10-18 19-40 41-60

The Health Benefits of Wine Essay Sample

The Health Benefits of Wine Essay Sample The Significance of Wine Essay Example The Significance of Wine Essay Example Wine represents a distilled drink made from fermented grapes or other fruits. Grapes ferment without the addition of sugars, enzymes, acids, water, or other nutrients owing to the healthy organic equilibrium. Sugar in the grapes is spent by yeast and subsequently transformed into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Diverse ranges of wines are made from an assortment of grapes and strains of yeasts. Intricate connections among the biochemical fruit growth, fermentation reactions, the terroir, and consequent appellation, along with human participation in the whole procedure, constitute to the known differences. Wine boasts of a sequential past that dates to ancient times, and it still is created and consumed by millions of people. Wine Effect People Wine has significant value rising from history. Wine constitutes a culture where it is drunk for various reasons and purposes. Consumption of wine depends on the intention. On a notable front, wine has been discovered to possess medicinal value. The following research has exposed the nutritional value of wine and its contribution to the overall health. One should say that wines match with different meals due to the occasion or other factors as discussed. The significance of wine in society is immense where and it is used for various reasons. In addition, wine has been observed to have an economic impact where it has contributed to the growth of economies. The following research analyzes the factors in detail. The History of Wine French winemakers learned their skill after increasing a flavor for Italian wine. Archeologists found bits of grapes on a stone platform from a location in southern France. These bits suggested that people used the platform for plodding the fruit to make wine (Gelling 14). The wine press provides the earliest molecular proof for wine making in France, and the traces in the amphorae support the idea that local wine making was motivated by trade with Etruscans from Italy. Over the centuries, the skill of wine has creation extended to France and other European countries. By that time, wine had become an important part of the daily diet, and people began to appreciate stronger and heavier wines. During the sixteenth century, wine became esteemed as a better substitute for beer, and as wine products began to expand, people began to value the idea of varying their drinking habits (Gelling 24). Virtues and vices of wine were converted with greater delight than in the preceding centuries. Enhanced production procedures led to the rise of finer qualities of wine, and glass bottle with tops began to be used. The French wine industry took off at the point when the corkscrew was devised (Gelling 28). Traditionally, medium sweet wines were produced in the precipitous areas where, due to weather and soil conditions, late harvest and early winter barrel fermentation conserving the wine (McIntyre 23). Availability of fresh, clean drinking water was a development that moved the wine industry into a new age. For next 150 years, wine creation has been entirely transformed into an art and science. With access to cooling, it has become easy for wineries to control the fermentation procedure temperature. The control of process climate has led to the manufacturing of high-quality wines in hot climates. The introduction of wine garnering machine has permitted winemakers to increase the size of their wineries and make them more efficient. Nowadays, the wine industry faces the test of meeting the demands of an ever-increasing market without losing the distinct character of its wines. Technology has helped to guarantee a continuous supply of quality wines. Modern wine gratitude pays tribute to the timeless art of wine making and demonstrates the importance of wine in the history (Gelling 34). Culture of Wine There is great amount of evidence for the importance of cultural factors in determining both drinking patterns and their magnitudes. Archeologists findings for the cultural roles of wines may have significant associations for policy makers particularly in areas where economic and political meeting could have the major impact on drinking cultures and their related lifestyles (McIntyre 28). Uses of wines in cultural functions and its role in transitional and celebratory rituals rates from the different demonstration, among them are symbolic purposes. Wine was used as a symbolic vehicle for recognizing, describing, constructing, and controlling cultural systems, values, interactive relationships, conduct norms, and prospects (Shaw 78). Choice of wine is hardly a matter of personal taste. At some levels, wines are used to describe the nature of the event. In many western cultures, different wines are tantamount with various festivities, for example, champagne is associated with celebrati ons. The type of wine served defined the nature of the occasion and the cultural relationship between the drinkers. In cultures with the more reputable heritage of traditional practices, views of situational suitability may involve intricate differences. Rules governing the uses of certain wines are tightly observed. For instance, certain wines are served before the meals while others are served after meals (Demossier 28). It is viewed as highly unfitting to serve or drink wine outside these particular situational backgrounds. There is no doubt that drinks have become an emblem of national identity. Ones national beverage can be an influential expression of ones loyalty and cultural identity. The national drink is often the representational emphasis for encouraging, sometimes perfect or glamorized, descriptions of the overall personality, values, and manner of life (Shaw 82). In some cultures, wines signify customary values of purity, generosity, and virility. Therefore, to reject the drink could be perceived as a refusal of these standards. Over the years, wines have encouraged active cultural in teractions, mutuality and sharing in the devoted drinking places. Intimate cultural groups are formed in drinking places where benches surround the tables, which forces physical contact between customers. Small groups find themselves at the same table often making friends with their nationals, and people share wine and jokes, strengthening their cultural ties for the rest of the evening. In cultural views of alcohol and wine, the indication suggests that the drinking venue meets some deep-seated, universal human needs. Culturally, wine has been used for ritual roles (McIntyre 32). Some ritual or celebrations mark almost all event of any importance in people’s lives and nearly all of these rites, in numerous beliefs, presuppose consumption of wines. Transitional rituals for events such as birth, coming-of-age, weddings, and death as well as significant life changes such as attainment or retirement and even far less major changes like the everyday switch from labor to leisure wholly entail ceremonial authorization (Demossier 35). The idea of ‘rites of passage, which are the rituals marking changeover from one position or phase in the lifetime to one more, has long been a principal of the anthropological diet. Rites of passage serve to build, enable, and improve the difficult passage from one social, physical or economic state to the next. Wine, in most cultures, is a crucial element of such rituals. The rites of passage associated with death, like those of birth and marriage, often involve several stages, each marked by drinking, and sometimes distinguished by different patterns of drinking. Nutrition of Wine Wine is known to have nutritive values where in some cases, it brings powerful health benefits, for instance, a glass a day may help reduce the risk of heart ailments and cancer. Wine is known to help in digestion, reduction of stress and even improving one’s skin due to its content of antioxidants. For example, for clear, smooth, and soft skin one can swap wine for the standard toner. One can soak cotton balls in red wine or transfer wine into a mini spray bottle and spray onto the skin. It is useful to massage the skin with fingertips to revive the skin. Studies have shown that the antioxidant phenolic compounds in wine might obstruct the pathological progress of Alzheimers disease. Slowing diabetes progress can be attributed to modest amounts of red wine in men. If spent in moderation as part of a balanced diet, wine should have no effect on the developing diabetes. A modest quantity of wine before sleep time can benefit someone catch slumber extra peacefully. Wine comprise s a great level of melatonin, which can aid an individual wind down added rapidly (Shaw 86). Wines’ antioxidant properties increase levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and protect against artery destruction, thus reducing the risk of heart disease. Wine and Meals Different kinds of wines match various types of meals. In other words, certain food dishes are combined with certain types of wine to improve the feasting experience. Most food and wine specialists believe that the most rudimentary component of diet and wine blend is considering the equilibrium amid the mass of the nourishment and the heaviness of the wine. Diet and wine complement each other because of the competitions and differences they compromise to each other. Nourishment flavors well with wine since wine delivers additional convention of aromas, flavors, and feels that perform as a hindrance to the smells, tastes, and feels of the nourishment being consumed (Plack 21). Some foods work so well with certain wines that the match becomes definitive. Classic food and wine mixtures include Champagne and Oysters, Sauternes and Roquefort Cheese, Red Burgundy and Roast Bee, Red Bordeaux and Lamb, Port and Stilton Cheese. The mixture is the most rudimentary way in which food and wine go together (Marie 18). Society Individuals do trade with wine in Asia. The wine industry is expedited by an even bigger intake of wine among female customers. China’s large market has seen barter trade thrive well where barrels of wine serve even as the standard of exchange. Wine has a spiritual importance in Judaism as it characterizes an essential part of Jewish laws and customs. There exist blessings recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat. It becomes a rabbinic duty for adults to drink wine in the course of the Seder. Christians also distinguish wine in Eucharist. Wine is regularly recommended for various sicknesses by Hippocrates, the forefather of modern medicine, and by many distinguished doctors. Mostly, many southern European states regard wine to be healthy for the nation-making process that wine is defined in a dissimilar class from other alcohol forms. Drinks are used to describe the setting of the event. Wine is used as a condition definer where it is used to projecting the nat ure of the occasion. People get together and celebrate with wine, as it is synonymous with celebration. Wine also describes the communal association between the drinkers. Wine is regarded a suitable supplement to a meal and it is necessary for festive events. The use of wine follows recognized custom of customary practices, for example, in France where there are rules governing the uses of wine. In France, white wine is always served first before red and before meals (Plack 34). Wine is used as a rank gauge. In Poland, wine is considered as a high-status and middle-class drink. Polish campus learners in specific were found to drink extra wine than their American equals, emphasizing their status and specialness as the nations elite. In prehistoric Rome, wine implied not only the elites drink, but its diversity and caliber ability allowed its use as a differentiator as well. Likewise, wine is todays emphasis on articulate choices. Wine is also used as an account of association where an affirmation of involvement in a particular group or any other beliefs is linked with standards, approaches, and views. Wine is used in the north of Europe where it is related to current lifestyles and ideals to distinguish classes (Shaw 92).The extremely educated individuals of northern Europe drink wine while the less educated ones from the south favor customary drinks. Marriage ceremonies in most cultures use wine in their events. In France, the engagement event is often a more prolonged and active development comprising wine intake in every phase. In Poland, rites of passage linked with death, like those of matrimony and birth, involve numerous stages accompanied by wine imbibing. Historically speaking, wine intake has typically manly inferences, with supplementary values associated with virility and diversity from feminine gender. Nevertheless, currently wine is considered a usual mature product. Economic The monetary worth of wine upsurges and falls over time. Wine becomes comparable in this way to the long-standing pillars of product venture. Communal and commercial forces affect wine price slowly; hence, the forecast of changes in wine value is clear than other asset merchandises. A states fiscal circumstances have a firm demeanor on the wine market (Hoemmen, Altman, and Rendleman 51). Wine prices customarily reflect local and universal commercial trends whether for venture or intake. Wine tourism also encourages the possibility of expanding in the near prospect (Carlsen 16). The expansion is done by tourism to the winemaking places, which aside from presenting a chance to see where and how wine is prepared, offers travelers an opportunity to learn about winemaking (Gelling 48). The effect is of high economic value. Economically, the size of wine markets has vital commercial consequences for areas and states for indigenous and global production. Wine production has advanced conside rably in the past decades with countries like China that conventionally did not produce wine. Specifically, wine involves a vast value-added constituent as a capital-intensive and labor-intensive trade, which also creates tourism with its financial multiplier effect around the nation (McIntyre 38). The organizations, workers, and travel expenses signify why wine sales are involved in total commercial influence. In conclusion, wine innovation and evolvement have had a remarkable past when it was developed bracing its way to modernism. Wine creation over the long periods of time has seen a substantial impact on humanity in every aspect. Wine has created a culture where it is used to imply certain factors like gratitude in the form of gifts. Despite wine having some negative effects, the dietary value it retains nonetheless is crucial to overall well-being. Wine has also affected society enormously. As seen in this paper, wine has been used as a business commodity and a celebration tool. The current prevailing religious significance of wine dates to the times when it was first discovered. Economically, wine has facilitated growth with price changes becoming predictable and apparent than other commodities.

Converse Terms

Converse Terms Converse Terms Converse Terms By Sharon Ive been reading a book on linguistics recently. During the process I have discovered some new terminology, such as converse terms. This phrase describes pairs of words where one word reverses the relationship that is denoted by the first. As someone else put it, theres a relationship of equivalence. In other words, if you are my mother, then I have to be your daughter. If I am standing over a bridge, then the bridge is under my feet. Here are some more examples: ancestor and descendant before and after bequeath and inherit buy and sell doctor and patient employer and employee father and son give and receive guest and host husband and wife infer and imply lend and borrow parents and children predator and prey sister and brother teach and learn teacher and student trainer and trainee Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1How to Pronounce MobilePreposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Analysis and talk about the differences between the Chinese cultures Essay

Analysis and talk about the differences between the Chinese cultures and American cultures in The Women Warrior book - Essay Example She gives in to her personal desires only to be shunned by her society because of her illegitimate child. She kills herself and her newborn baby after giving birth in a pigsty. The story of â€Å"No-Name Woman† shows how old Chinese societies were. Indiscretions by women were horrible transgressions that caused people’s lives. The shameful act of a woman was unforgivable as proven by how Kingston’s mother shares the family decided that the aunt never existed. Similarly, in the history of America, women who acted in lust and bore children out of wedlock were looked down on in their villages. Unlike the Chinese though, these American women in ancient times did not take their own lives or their baby’s lives out of shame. Another female that figured in Kingston’s life was another aunt, Moon Orchid. She is the sister of Kingston’s mother. Like â€Å"No Man Woman† her life ended sadly. Left by her husband, Moon Orchid was convinced by Kingston’s mother to follow the husband, who has a new family in America, and claim her place as the rightful wife. Moon Orchid was rejected. Unable to learn the English language, Moon Orchid became crazy and eventually died in a mental asylum. In Chinese culture, it is not uncommon to have a second wife, a trophy wife. The husband must provide for both wives. In America, this is not part of the culture at all which is why divorce is such a big deal. Another difference in culture is how Moon Orchid failed to adapt when in America. In contrast, American women manage in one way or another to adjust to the current situation and survive. Yet another woman mentioned in the book is Fa Mu Lan. A mythical character, Fa Mu Lan is a courageous woman who pretends to be a man, saves her husband, leads an army into overthrowing a bad emperor and kills a horrible baron. In this story, the author depicts Chinese women as brave as well. Although the Chinese of today are still patriarchal, the women have started establishing

Phase 3 Behavioral Economics IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phase 3 Behavioral Economics IP - Essay Example A good example of a technological change is computers. Computers were invented early in the 19th century but they are still being improved. This improvement is what is referred as innovation. Computers are now used that ever before in all aspects of life from communication, production, security operations, management and education. This is now the diffusion of the use of computers. In the case of a bread factory, technological change is important to ensure that profits are maximized while costs are kept at minimum. In the bakery, I would use modern bread making technology that reliably increases the output of quality bread. This ensures that costs of substandard breads are reduced. To cut labor costs I would use computer controls and automation in the production processes. 2 (a) Develop a table that you believe shows the explicit fixed costs of the bread factory and the total amount of the costs. Explicit fixed costs Costs ($) Office equipment 1000 Heat & light 120 Programmer’ s salary 540 rent 400 insurance 250 Cleaning supplies 100 Total 2410 2 (b). Describe your variable costs Variable costs are costs that change with change in volume of production (Tucker, 2011). In the bread factory, variable costs include the costs of yeast, flour, packaging material and costs of hiring casual laborers. 3. Because you are not an expert yet on analyzing costs and optimal production levels, you decide to do a very simple analysis of your short-run fixed and variable costs if you expand. You decide that your only fixed cost will be the ovens and the variable costs will be the workers.   Quantity of Workers Quantity of Ovens Quantity of Loaves of Bread Produced Cost of Ovens Cost of Workers Per Week Total cost Average total cost = total cost/no. of breads Marginal product of labor = change in output/ unit change of labor Average product of labor = quantity/labor 0 2 0 500 0 500 0 0 0 1 2 50 500 450 950 19 50 50 2 2 125 500 900 1400 11.2 75 62.5 3 2 210 500 1350 1850 8 .8 85 70 4 2 300 500 1800 2300 7.7 90 75 5 2 410 500 2250 2750 6.7 90 82 6 2 550 500 2700 3200 5.82 140 91.7 7 2 625 500 3150 3650 5.84 75 89.3 8 2 660 500 3600 4100 6.2 35 82.5 9 2 700 500 4050 4550 6.5 40 77.8 10 2 730 500 4500 5000 6.85 30 73 a. Calculate the total cost and the average total cost, and add it to the table. b. Calculate the marginal product of labor, and add it to the table. c. Calculate the average product of labor, and add it to the table. 4. Although there seems to be a great demand for your bread, why would productivity decline when you hire more labor in the short run? Short run is a relatively short period of time in which a company makes temporary changes in the operations. In the bread factory, it requires more time and effort to bake one loaf of bread than it would take on average to bake more loaves of bread. The more laborers you hire the more the number of loaves produced. However, as you hire more and more workers, the benefit-derived from each additio nal employee will eventually decline. The reason behind this is that the marginal product of labor of each additional employee declines in the short run leading to diminishing marginal return (Taylor & Weerapana, 2012).

Existentialism and Human Emotions Essay Example for Free

Existentialism and Human Emotions Essay I SHOULD LIKE on this occasion to defend existentialism against some charges which have been brought against it. First, it has been charged with inviting people to remain in a kind of desperate quietism because, since no solutions are possible, we should have to consider action in this world as quite impossible. We should then end up in a philosophy of contemplation; and since contemplation is a luxury, we come in the end to a bourgeois philosophy. The communists in particular have made these charges. On the other hand, we have been charged with dwelling on human degradation, with pointing up everywhere the sordid, shady, and slimy, and neglecting the gracious and beautiful, the bright side of human nature; for example, according to Mlle. Mercier, a Catholic critic, with forgetting the smile of the child. Both sides charge us with having ignored human solidarity, with considering man as an isolated being. The communists say that the main reason for this is that we take pure subjectivity, the Cartesian I think, as our starting point; in other words, the moment in which man becomes fully aware of what it means to him to be an isolated being; as a result, we are unable to return to a state of solidarity with the men who are not ourselves, a state which we can never reach in the cogito. From the Christian standpoint, we are charged with denying the reality and seriousness of human undertakings, since, if we reject Gods commandments and the eternal verities, there no longer remains anything but pure caprice, with everyone permitted to do as he pleases and incapable, from his own point of view, of condemning the points of view and acts of others. I shall today try to answer these different charges. Many people are going to be surprised at what is said here about humanism. We shall try to see in what sense it is to be understood. In any case, what can be said from the very beginning is that by existentialism we mean a doctrine which makes human life possible and, in addition, declares that every truth and every action implies a human setting and a human subjectivity. As is generally known, the basic charge against us is that we put the emphasis on the dark side of human life. Someone recently told me of a lady who, when she let slip a vulgar word in a moment of irritation, excused herself by saying, I guess Im becoming an existentialist. Consequently, existentialism is regarded as something ugly; that is why we are said to be naturalists; and if we are, it is rather surprising that in this day and age we cause so much more alarm and scandal than does naturalism, properly so called. The kind of person who can take in his stride such a novel as Zolas The Earth is disgusted as soon as he starts reading an existentialist novel; the kind of person who is resigned to the wisdom of the ages-which is pretty sad-finds us even sadder. Yet, what can be more disillusioning than saying true charity begins at home or a scoundrel will always return evil for good? We know the commonplace remarks made when this subject comes up, remarks which always add up to the same thing: we shouldnt struggle against the powers that-be; we shouldnt resist authority; we shouldnt try to rise above our station; any action which doesnt conform to authority is romantic; any effort not based on past experience is doomed to failure; experience shows that mans bent is always toward trouble, that there must be a strong hand to hold him in check, if not, there will be anarchy. There are still people who go on mumbling these melancholy old saws, the people who say, Its only human! whenever a more or less repugnant act is pointed out to them, the people who glut themselves on chansons realistes; these are the people who accuse existentialism of being too gloomy, and to such an extent that I wonder whether they are complaining about it, not for its pessimism, but much rather its optimism. Can it be that what really scares them in the doctrine I shall try to present here is that it leaves to man a possibility of choice? To answer this question, we must re-examine it on a strictly philosophical plane. What is meant by the term existentialism? Most people who use the word would be rather embarrassed if they had to explain it, since, now that the word is all the rage, even the work of a musician or painter is being called existentialist. A gossip columnist in Clartes signs himself The Existentialist, so that by this time the word has been so stretched and has taken on so broad a meaning, that it no longer means anything at all. It seems that for want of an advanced-guard doctrine ,analogous to surrealism, the kind of people who are eager for scandal and flurry turn to this philosophy which in other respects does not at all serve their purposes in this sphere. Actually, it is the least scandalous, the most austere of doctrines. It is intended strictly for specialists and philosophers. Yet it can be defined easily. What complicates matters is that there are two kinds of existentialists; first, those who are Christian. among whom I would include Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel, both Catholic; and on the other hand the atheistic exi stentialists among whom I class Heidegger, and then the French existentialists and myself. What they have in common is that they think that existence precedes essence, or, if you prefer, that subjectivity must be the starting point. Just what does that mean? Let us consider some object that is manufactured, for example, a book or a papercutter: here is an object which has been made by an artisan whose inspiration came from a concept. He referred to the concept of what a paper-cutter is and likewise to a known method of production, which is part of the concept, something which is, by and large, a routine. Thus, the paper-cutter is at once an object produced in a certain way and, on the other hand, one leaving a specific use; and one can not postulate a man who produces a paper-cutter but does not know what it is used for. Therefore, let us say that, for the paper-cutter, essence-that is, the ensemble of both the production routines and the properties which enable it to be both produced and defined-precedes existence. Thus, the presence of the paper-cutter or book in front of me is determined. Therefore, we have here a technical view of the world whereby it can be said that production precedes existence. When we conceive God as the Creator, He is generally thought of as a superior sort of artisan. Whatever doctrine we may be considering, whether one like that of Descartes or that of Leibniz, we always grant that will more or less follows understanding or, at the very least, accompanies it, and that when God creates He knows exactly what he is creating. Thus, the concept of man in the mind of God is comparable to the concept of a paper-cutter in the mind of the manufacturer, and, following certain techniques and a conception, God produces man, just as the artisan, following a definition and a technique, makes a paper-cutter. Thus, the individual man is the realization of a certain concept in the divine intelligence. In the eighteenth century, the atheism of the philosophers discarded the idea of God, but not so much for the notion that essence precedes existence. To a certain extent, this idea is found everywhere; we find it in Diderot, in Voltaire, and even in Kant. Man has a human nature; this human nature, which is the concept of the human, is found in all men, which means that each man is a particular example of a universal concept, man. In Kant, the result of this universality is that the wild-man, the natural man, as well as the bourgeois, are circumscribed by the same definition and have the same basic qualities. Thus, here too the essence of man precedes the historical existence that we find in nature. Atheistic existentialism, which I represent, is more coherent. It states that if God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and that this being is man, or, as Heidegger says, human reality. What is meant here by saying that existence precedes essence? It means that, first of all, man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself. If man, as the existentialist conceives him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is nothing. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. Not only is man what he conceives himself to be, but he is also only what he wills himself to be after this thrust toward existence. Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity, the name we are labeled with when charges are brought against us. But what do we mean by this, if not that man has a greater dignity than a stone or table? For we mean that man first exists, that is, that man first of all is the being who hurls himself toward a future and who is conscious of imagining himself as being in the future. Man is at the start a plan which is aware of itself, rather than a patch of moss, a piece of garbage, or a cauliflower nothing exists prior to this plan; there is nothing in heaven; man will be what he will have planned to be. Not what he will want to be. Because by the word will we generally mean a conscious decision, which is subsequent to what we have already made of ourselves. I may want to belong to a political party, write a book, get married; but all that is only a manifestation of an earlier, more spontaneous choice that is called will. But if existence really does precede essence, man is responsible for what he is. Thus, existentialisms first move is to make every man aware of what he is and to make the full responsibility of his existence rest on him. And when we say that a man is responsible for himself, we do not only mean that he is responsible for his own individuality, but that he is responsible for all men. The word subjectivism has two meanings, and our opponents play on the two. Subjectivism means, on the one hand, that an individual chooses and makes himself; and, on the other, that it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity. The second of these is the essential meaning of existentialism. When we say that man chooses his own self, we mean that every one of us does likewise; but we also mean by that that in making this choice he also chooses all men. In fact, in creating the man that we want to be, there is not a single one of our acts which does not at the same time create an image of man as we think he ought to be. To choose to be this or that is to affirm at the same time the value of what we choose, because we can never choose evil. We always choose the good, and nothing can be good for us without b eing good for all. If, on the other hand, existence precedes essence, and if we grant that we exist and fashion our image at one and the same time, the image is valid for everybody and for our whole age. Thus, our responsibility is much greater than we might have supposed, because it involves all mankind. If I am a workingman and choose to join a Christian trade-union rather than be a communist, and if by being a member I want to show that the best thing for man is resignation, that the kingdom of man is not of this world, I am not only involving my own case-I want to be resigned for everyone. As a result, my action has involved all humanity. To take a more individual matter, if I want to marry, to have children; even if this marriage depends solely on my own circumstances or passion or wish, I am involving all humanity in monogamy and not merely myself. Therefore, I am responsible for myself and for everyone else. I am creating a certain image of man of my own choosing. In choosing myself, I choose ma n.

An Analysis of the Legality of Abortion :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

An Analysis of the Legality of Abortion In Abortion and Social Justice, Dennis Horan, J.D. et alii argue "The Legal Case For the Unborn Child": Abortion is not a private matter. The destruction of human life, even 'incipient' or developing human life in the womb, can never be considered a private matter under our law. The contention that it is a private matter would be too ludicrous and absurd to even argue were it not so often put forth under such intellectually impeccable auspices. Would those civil libertarians who argue that abortion is a private matter, argue that the exercise of civil rights is purely a private matter between the Black man and the man that thwarts them? Certainly not. Just as the civil right to vote must be protected by law, so too the most fundamental and basic of all civil rights - the Right to Life - must be protected by law.(105) In her book, Abortion and Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and American Law, Ruth Colker explains why Roe v. Wade is considered an "activist" decision: Second, it [Roe v. Wade]set the tone for how activist the Court would be in our lives. Rather than simply rule for the plaintiff in Roe v. Wade, thereby invalidating the challenged Texas abortion statute, the Court outlined the parameters of a constitutional abortion statute. In other words, the Court drafted a model statute rather than simply striking down the Texas statute. Such judicial involvement in legislative activity is considered to be highly activist because the Court, in a sense, is displacing the legislature's role in society. Such activisim is often criticized for interfering with legislative dialogue, because the judiciary, an undemocratic institution, has substituted its judgment for that of the legislature. (102) Former president Ronald Reagan in his book, Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation, states how the Roe v. Wade decision is a violation of the Constitution: Make no mistake, aboriton-on-demand is not a right granted by the Constitution. No serious scholar, including one disposed to agree with the Court's result, has argued that the framers of the Constitution intended to create such a right. Shortly after the Roe v. Wade decision, Professor John Hart Ely, now Dean of Stanford Law School, wrote that the opinion "is not constitutional law and gives almost no sense of an obligation to try to be." Nowhere do the plain words of the Constitution even hint at a "right" so sweeping as to permit abortion up to the time the child is ready to be born.

Religious Experience is Nothing but Fantasy Essay

The above criticism to religious belief was proposed by Sigmund Freud; who thought that the origin of relig exp (religious experience) is rooted in the unconscious and that they are a product of eschewed psychosexual development. Freud rejected any appeal to the supernatural to explain these occurrences as our mind regularly deludes itself, pointing to dreams as an obvious example. The materialistic approach to explaining relig exp has led scientists to pinpoint specific physical causes of this phenomena; St Paul of Tarsus is thought to have possessed a form of epilepsy. In this case, Paul’s relig exp would be a fantasy but perceived as real experience. A theistic challenge to materialism is that God and organic explanations of religious phenomena. In this way our brains may be wired up to experience God; materialism does not necessarily deem all relig exp fantasy. But how does one explain those who do not experience religious phenomena? Are some people born with Gods calling card? This in my mind is where atheists and theists will never agree; theists will say God only chooses some to be his messengers and atheists will say that our genetics and upbringing predispose some of us to superstition. In this way we cannot know whether each and every religious experience is fantasy; a conclusion reached by Bertrand Russell who reasoned that the fundamental truth that we cannot get inside someone else’s head and verify the experience deems this argument irresolvable. William James set out specific criteria for a religious experience. For example, the experience must be transient i.e it is temporary and therefore cannot be sustained. This conveniently prevents science from examining the psychological causes of the experience; further evidence that this argument is irresolvable. James based in conclusions in part on Pragmatism; the doctrine that truth is the acceptable conclusion for whomever concerned; in this sense, religious experiences are very much ‘true’ to the believer. This would be seconded by Ludwig Wittgenstein who indentified religion as a closed language game; proposing that the experiences are fantasy is not an accepted move and is only know to the outside observer. Ergo, to say religious experiences are fantasy excludes the one accepted explanation upon which religion is based; God did it. The term fantasy is vague; does this indicate a belief that we want to be true and know is false or rather a true deception ourselves. The former seems plausible in the case of Mass Hysteria e.g The Toronto Blessing, where our desire to fit in overtakes our desire to be right; what psychologists call Normative Social Influence. As James pointed out, these psychological explanations do not necessarily reject God. However, they do give us no reason to believe in him via Occam’s razor (believe in the most simple of the explanations) and thus reckon religious experiences as fantasy. This brings to mind Anthony Flew’s ‘Death by 1000 qualifications’; constantly changing the goalposts for the definition of God so that the eventual result is an idea that possesses no verifiable or falsifiable claim. Thus God cannot be counted in or out of existence, or even on the fence. Kant objected to the term religious experience; calling it a contradiction. How can we experience that which is fundamentally beyond our sensory capacity? We experience people and trees and the world around us because it is finite; as are we. We can level the challenge that we experience the universe, which is infinite, but that we experience finite sections of the infinite set. Similarly we can count numbers but not count to the ‘be it and end all’ of real of the numbers. God we can experience in short, transient bursts but cannot experience the sum of him; this is not logically impossible. Kant’s reasoning is not the reason to reject religious experience as fantasy; as with religion there can only be one wholly true explanation of religious phenomena. Only one religion can be wholly true as they make incompatible claims; and so we must dismiss most religious experiences as fantasy. And if we reject most religious experiences, then those remaining must be of the same psychological nature so they too can be dismissed as fantasy. James’s pluralism is merely another get out clause; another ‘death by 1000 qual’ which offers no explanation to how faiths are linked, and is infinitely less simple than materialism. In conclusion, not every criticism levelled against religious experience is sound. However, only one is sufficient; that because we can track the experience of God to psycho/physiological phenomena, there is no reason left to believe in God even though the two are not mutually exclusive. Since the debate cannot be resolved ala Russell, we must assume the answer is not the theistic one.

Eight Important Duties of an Agent Towards the Principal Essay

1. Duty to follow principal’s directions or customs (Sec. 211): The first duty of every agent is to act within the scope of the authority conferred upon him and perform the agency work according to the directions given by the principal. When the agent acts otherwise, if any loss be sustained, he must make it good to the principal, and if any profit accrues, he must account for it.   Illustrations: (a) Where the principal instructed the agent to warehouse the goods at a particular place and the agent warehoused them at a different warehouse which was equally safe, and the goods were destroyed by fire without negligence, it was held that the agent was liable for the loss because any departure from the instructions makes the agent absolutely liable (Lilley vs Doubleday). (b) An agent being instructed to insure goods neglects to do so. He is liable to compensate the principal in the event of these being lost (Pannalal Jankidas vs Mohanlal). If the principal has not given any express or implied directions, then it is the duty of the agent to follow the custom prevailing in the same kind of business at the place where the agent conducts business. If the agent makes any departure, he does so at his own risk. He must make good any loss so sustained by the principal. Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 211): (a) A, an agent, engaged in carrying on for B a business, in which it is the custom to invest from time to time at interest, the moneys which may be in hand, omits to make such investments. A must make good to B the interest usually obtained by such investments. (b) B, a broker, in whose business it is not the custom to sell on credit, sells goods of A on credit to C, whose credit at the time was very high. C, before payment, becomes insolvent. B must make good the loss to A, irrespective of his good intentions. 2. Duty to carry out the work with reasonable skill and diligence (Sec. 212): The agent must conduct the business is generally possessed by persons engaged in similar business, unless the principal has notice of his want of skill. Further, the agent must act with reasonable diligence and to the best of his skill.   If the agent does not work with reasonable care, skill (unless the principal has notice of his want of skill) and diligence, he must make compensation to his principal in respect of ‘direct consequences’ of his own neglect, want of skill or misconduct. But he is not so liable for indirect or remote losses. Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 212): (a) A, a merchant in Kolkata, has an agent B, in London, to whom a sum of money is paid on A’s account, with orders to remit. B retains the money for a considerable time. A, in consequence of not receiving the money, becomes insolvent. B is liable for the money and interest from the day on which it ought to have been paid, according to the usual rate, and for any further direct loss such as loss by variation of rate of exchange, but nothing further. (b) A, an agent for the sale of goods, having authority to sell goods on credit, sells to B on credit, without making the proper and usual enquiries as to the solvency of B. B, at the time of such sale, is insolvent. A must make compensation to his principal in respect of any loss thereby sustained. 3. Duty to Render Accounts (Sec. 213): It is the duty of an agent to keep proper accounts of his principal’s money or property and render them to him on demand, or periodically if so provided in the agreement. 4. Duty to communicate (Sec. 214): It is the duty of an agent, in cases of difficulty, to use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain his instructions, before taking any steps in facing the difficulty or emergency. 5. Duty not to deal on his own account (Sees. 215 and 216): An agent must not deal on his own   account in the business of agency; i.e., he must not himself buy from or sell to his principal goods he is askedto sell or buy on behalf of his principal; without obtaining the consent of his principal after disclosing all material facts to him. If the agent violates this rule, the principal may repudiate the transaction where it can be shown that any material fact has been knowingly concealed by the agent, or that the dealings of the agent have been disadvantageous to the principal. The principal is also entitled to claim from the agent any benefit which may have resulted to him from the transaction. Illustrations: (a) A, directs B to sell A’s estate. B buys the estate for himself in the name of   . A, on discovering that B has bought the estate for himself may repudiate the sale, if he can show that B has dishonestly concealed any material fact or that the sale has been disavantageous to him. [Illustration (a) Appended to Section 215 ( b)A directs, B, his agent, to buy a certain house for him. B tells A that it cannot be bought and buys the house for himself. A may, on discovering that B has bought the house, compel him to sell it to A at the price he gave for it. [Illustration appended to Section 216] 6. Duty not to make any profit out of his agency except his remuneration (Sees. 217 and 218): An agent stands in a fiduciary relation to his principal and therefore he must not make any profit (secret profit) out of his agency. He must pay to his principal all moneys (including illegal gratification, if any) received by him on principal’s account. He can, however, deduct all moneys due to himself in respect of his remuneration or/and expenses properly incurred. If his acts are not bonafide, he will lose his remuneration and will have to account for the secret profit to his principal. 7. Duty on termination of agency by principal’s death or insanity (Sec. 209): When an agency is terminated by the principal dying or becoming of unsound mind, the agent must take, on behalf of the representatives of his late principal, all reasonable steps for the protection and preservation of the interests entrusted to him. 8. Duty not to delegate authority (Sec. 190): Subject to six exceptions stated earlier (under the heading Delegation of Authority), an agent must not further delegate his authority to another person, but perform the work of agency himself.

buy custom Strengthening and Improving Medicare essay

buy custom Strengthening and Improving Medicare essay In the recent years, the government of United States has embarked on reviving Medicare, which is a unique program of social insurance providing the best health insurance mainly covering citizens aged 65 years and above, those less than 65 years and are physically disabled and other citizens having special needs. Medicare is administered by a Government body known as Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services(CMS) which oversees the overall implementation of Medicare laws (Joseph Dorothy, 2011). With many challenges faced by Medicare, the U.S. government has aggressively tried to control spending on healthcare using Medicare. The latest attempt to salvage extinction of Medicare by 2026 was an Act passed in 2003 referred to as The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act. Medicare is generally grouped into two major categories namely: the Medicare Advantage Plan and the Original Medicare Plan. Each category comprises four main sub-categories referred to as Part A (Hospital Insurance), Part B (Medical Insurance), Part C (Medical Advantage Plans) and Part D (Prescription Drugs plans). Recently, Medicare has undergone through a number of legislations that have distinct impacts on the involved stakeholder namely patients, medical providers, and third-party payers. The log-debated legislation reform on healthcare became law in 2010 by signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (H.R.3590), and The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (H.R. 4872). The passing of these legislations into law had diverse impacts on the various stakeholders involved. First portions of this law will affect Part D of Medicare plan for description on drug plan for seniors and for other patients eligible in Medicare by closing the wide coverage mostly referred to as the doughnut hole. Patients will benefit from this law because its provisions state that from 2010, patients whose their drug costs get to the set coverage gap will receive a refund worth $250. The third-party payers will be impacted negatively because the law will result into increased premiums especially for the highincome earners. In addition, president Obama on 23rd March signed into law the famous Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This Act made important changes to the Medicare Part A and part B. The patients will receive benefits .For instance, the act provides free Medicare of part A to the patients exposed to detrimental asbestos in Montana at the Lincoln County. These patients will be given free chance to enroll to the part B and part D Medicare coverage. However, the individuals must prove to have been clearly diagnosed with a disease, which is asbestos-related. In addition, this Act on Affordable Care makes good changes to Part B Medicare enrollment, as it will allow easy enrollments to part B with no increased premiums payments. Premiums paid by the third-party payers will increase to cater for the increased costs of this program. Furthermore, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA) that was enacted into law in 2008. This law was beneficial to patients as it changed the current laws on Medicare in order to assist the low-income patients and other beneficiaries (Leonard, 2008). The third-party payers will experience increased participation into the Savings Programs for Medicare. This is because, every year, the Medicare beneficiary costs increase thus raising coinsurance amounts and other deductibles to cover the ever-rising cost of this program (Marsh, 2008). In addition, monthly premiums also rises thus affecting the third-party people which can spell many hardships especially to senior and fixed income earners. Providers of health care will receive increased funding because of this implementation. This law increased rates of payments for the physicians services. The providers will experience improved and effective means of health claims payment. In addition, providers will experience reduced bureaucracy in payments of health costs. Buy custom Strengthening and Improving Medicare essay

Examples of Arrangement in Composition

Examples of Arrangement in Composition In rhetoric and composition, arrangement refers to the parts of a speech or, more broadly, the structure of a text. Arrangement (also called disposition) is one of the five traditional canons or subdivisions of classical rhetorical training. Also known as  dispositio, taxis, and organization. In classical rhetoric, students were taught the parts of an oration. Though rhetoricians did not always agree on the number of parts, Cicero and Quintilian identified these six: the exordium, the narrative (or narration), the partition (or division), the confirmation, the refutation, and the peroration. Arrangement was known as taxis in Greek and dispositio in Latin. Examples and Observations Aristotle states that...the very nature of rhetoric requires at least four components: an exordium, or introduction (prooimion), an advanced thesis (prothesis), proofs (pisteis), and a conclusion (epilogos).(Richard Leo Enos, Traditional Arrangement. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 2001)In A Rhetoric of Motives (1950), Kenneth Burke summarized the classical position on arrangement as rhetorical form in the large involving the following: a progression of steps that begins with an exordium designed to secure the goodwill of ones audience, next states ones position, then points up the nature of the dispute, then builds up ones own case at length, then refutes the claims of the adversary, and in a final peroration expands and reinforces all points in ones favor while seeking to discredit whatever had favored the adversary. Declining Interest in Arrangement In the place of the old rhetorics formulaic arrangement, the new rhetoric [of the 18th century] advised an arrangement that reflected the flow of thought itself. By the nineteenth century, the classical rhetorical tradition was pretty much adrift- although Richard Whately made an heroic effort to salvage it. As writing pedagogy abandoned prescribed techniques for invention, arrangement, and style (memory and delivery were already sinking as writing displaced oral literacy), teachers increasingly focused on grammar and surface features. How the student was supposed to create an essay was a mystery- as all writing came to be seen as the result of inspiration. Teaching the structure of the classical oration certainly made little sense because the form of a piece of writing should be determined by the reality the writer aimed to convey, not some static pre-ordained formula.(Steven Lynn, Rhetoric and Composition: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Arrangement in Modern Media Modern mass media...present special complications to the study of arrangement because the sequencing of information and arguments, the order in which certain appeals reach an audience, is very difficult to predict...Saturation and sheer quantity of exposure to a message given in single bursts may count for more than the interrelationships of parts of a single message achieved by its carefully crafted arrangement.(Jeanne Fahnestock, Modern Arrangement. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 2001)

One Economics asepct of the auto industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One Economics asepct of the auto industry - Essay Example It is important to explain that the 2007/2008 economic crisis had a very negative effect on the American auto industry, with almost all American auto companies becoming on the verge of bankruptcy. Companies such as Chrysler and General Motors were on the verge of bankruptcy, and this forced the American government to intervene and bailout these companies. This is by using the funds emanating from TARP, which is an acronym for the Troubled Asset Relief Program. A company such as Ford Motors was able to protect itself from the effects of the financial crisis, mainly because it was maintaining a hedge fund, whose money could be used for purposes of protecting the organization, during a period in which it was facing some financial crisis. There is a lesson to be learnt from this study. The lesson is that, it is always necessary for companies or business organizations to maintain an hedge fund, that could be used to fund the operations of a company or a business organization during periods of recession. This should not only be applicable to the auto-industry, but to other industries as well, such as the finance, communication, transportation industries, etc. Furthermore, this information is also significant to me, mainly because the auto industry has managed to improve from a near bankruptcy situation in 2007/2008, to one of the most profitable industries in the United States. This is because all these companies that were bailed out have managed to repay their debts, totaling to billions of dollars. It is quite interesting to know what type of strategy that these business organizations were able to use, despite the strong competition that emanated from the other companies, specifically from Japanese auto companies. My interest in this issue also emanates from the desire to know more about the 2007/2008 global crisis. In my knowledge, the crisis emanated because of the inability of the